TUGAS
PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN
“MANAJEMEN
SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA”
A. DEFINISI
DAN PERAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA
Mengingat
manajemen sumber daya manusia (MSDM) merupakan bagian dari sebuah lingkungan
manajemen, maka pemgertian MSDM itu dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut;
manajemen sumber daya manusia merupakan kegiatan yang mengatur tentang cara
pengadaan tenaga kerja, melakukan pengembangan, memberikan kompensasi,
integrasi, pemeliharaan, dan pemisahan tenaga kerja melalui proses-proses
manajemen dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organisasi.
Untuk
menunjang tarcapainya tujuan organisasi yang diharapkan, maka keberadaan dari
sumber daya manusia harus dapat di optimalkan, terutama peran dan fungsi
strategisnya. Secara umum peran MSDM dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga peran
utama, yaitu a) peran administrasi; b) peran operasional, dan c) peran
strategis (Mathis and Jackson: 2000). Masing-masing peran memiliki fokus atau
konsentrasi, rentang waktu, dan jenis kegiatan yang berbeda-beda.
Administrative
Operational Strategic
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Focus
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Administrative
processing and record keeping
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Operational
support
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Organization-wide
global
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Timing
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Short
term (less than 1 years)
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Intermadiate
term (1-2 years)
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Long
term (2-5 years)
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Typical
Activities
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Ø Adminitering
employee benefis
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Ø Managing
compensation
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Ø Assesing
workforce trends and issues
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Ø Conduction
new employee orientations
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Ø Recruiting
and selecting for current
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Ø Engaging
community work force development planning
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Ø Interpreting
HR policiesw and procedures
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Ø Conducting
safety training
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Ø Assisting
in organizational restructuring and downsizing
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Ø Preparing
equal employment report
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Ø Resolving
employee complaints
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Ø Advising
on mergers or acquisitions
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Ø Planing
compensation strategies
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1. Peran
administrasi MSDM
Peran
administrasi SDM lebih ditekankan pada upaya memproses dan menyimpan catatan.
Semua aktivitas dalam organisasi dicatat dan dibuatkan database sehingga pada
saat dibutuhkan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu dapat dilaporkan dengan segera. Peran
administratif menjadikan sdm sebagai tenaga pencatat saja dan tidak memberikan
konstribusi sesuai dengan peran yang sebenarnya.
2. Peran
operasional MSDM
Peran
operasional lebih mengacu pada aktivitas-aktivitas penyelenggaraan dan
mempersiapkan kebutuhan organisasi terhadap pegawai. Tugas pokok MSDM dalam hal
ini adalah merencanakan perekrutan, menerima lamaran, melakukan seleksi,
menyusun anggaran gaji, mengadakan pelatihan dan dan pengembangan, dan
sebagainya.
3. Peran
strategis MSDM
Peran
strategis menekankan pada kondisi SDM untuk jangka waktu yang panjang guna
meningkatkan nilai kompetitif organisasi dalam persaingan usaha.
B. TUGAS
POKOK MSDM
Manajemen
sumber daya manusia menyangkut a) penarikan tenaga kerja yang berkualitas,
mengelola orientasi, pelatihan dan pengembangan, serta perencanaan dan
pengembangan karir pegawai; c) mkempertahankan tenaga kerja yang berkualitas,
mengelola penahanan dan pergantian, penilaian kinerja, kompensasi dan benefit,
dan hubungan tenaga kerja dan manjemen.
1. Perencanaan
Sumber Daya Manusia
Perencanaan
sumber daya manusia merupakan proses dimana manajer menjamin bahwa organisasi
memiliki jumlah dan jenis tenaga yang tepat ditempat-tempat yang tepat, dan
pada saat yang tepat, memiliki kemampuan untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas yang
akan menolong organisasi tersebut mencapai sasaran-sasaran secara keseluruhan
secara efektif dan efisien.
2. Perekrutan
Pegawai
Penarikan
tenaga kerja merupakan suatu proses atau tindakan yang dilakukan oleh
perusahaan untuk mendapatkan tambahan tenaga kerja melalui beberapa tahapan
yang mencakup identifikasi dan evaluasi sumber-sumber penarikan tenaga kerja,
menentukan kebutuhan tenaga yang diperlukan, proses seleksi, penempatan,dan
orientasi tenaga kerja.
3. Seleksi
Para
manajer SDM menggunakan proses seleksi untuk mangambil keputusan penerimaan
pegawai baru. Tujuan dari proses seleksi adalah untuk memilih pegawai yang
cocok dengan pekerjaan dan organisasi
4. Sosialisasi
atau orientasi
Setelah
calon pekerja itu diterima sebagai karyawan dalam perusahaan, maka langkah
selanjutnya adalah melakukan orientasi, yaitu pengenalan pekerja baru pada
pekerjaan dan organisasinya. Lebih lanjut langkah ini melibatkan upaya
memperjelas misi dan kultur organisasi, menjelaskan sasaran pengoperasian dan
harapan pekerjaan, mengkomunikasikan kebijakan dan prosedur, mengidentifikasi
personel kunci.
5. Pelatihan
dan pengembangan
Program
pelatihan di berikan baik kepada karyawan yang baru di terima maupun kepada
karyawan yang telah ada, dengan maksud untuk menghadapi situasi-situasi yang
berubah.
6. Penilaian
prestasi
Prestasi
kerja ( job performent) merupakan hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas
yang di capai oleh seseorang karyawan dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan
tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Tujuan penilaian prestasi kerja adalah
untuk mengetahui apakah karyawan telah bekerja sesuia dengan standar-standar
yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
7. Promosi,
transfer dan demosi
Perwujudan
dan prinsip orang yang tepat pada jabatan yang tepat, baik dengan jalan
promosi, penurunan, pemindahan, dan pemutusa hubungan kerja (PHK) membrikan
manfaat yang besar baik bagi organisasi maupun karyawan itu sendiri. Karyawan
akan merasa senang bekerja apabila mereka berada dalam posisi yang sesuai.
Sebaliknya, produktivitas akan semakin menurun manaklan tugas-tugas yang
diberikan kepadanya tidak sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dimiliki.
C. TANGGUNG
JAWAB MANAJEMEN SDM
Dalam
struktur organisasi, kedudukan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia berada dalam
hubungan lini, yaitu kedudukan yang memperoleh wewenang tertentu untuk
mengarahkan dan mengendalikan para pegawai dalam organisasi. Mereka bertanggung
jawab untuk menasehati manajer lini di bidang-bidang seperti perekrutan,
perintah kerja, dan kompensasi.
Tanggung jawab MSDM
secara lini adlah sebagai berikut:
1. Menempatkan
orang yang benar pada pekerjaan yang tepat.
2. Memperkenalkan
pegawai baru dalam organisasi/
3. Melatih
karyawan untuk jabatan bagi mereka yang masih baru.
4. Meningkatkan
kinerja jabatan bagi setiap orang.
5. Mengendalikan
biaya tenaga kerja .
6. Menciptakan
dan mempertahankan semangat kerja.
7. Melindungi
kesehatan dan kondisi fisik pegawai.
Dalam
situasi tertentu, MSDM dapat menjalankan salah satu dari tiga fungsi berikut,
yakni a) fungsi lini, yaitu mengarahkan kegiatan dari orang-orang di dalam
departemennya sendiri dan dalan bidang-bidang jasa; b) fungsi koordinatif,
yaitusebagai koordinator kegiatan personil; dan c) fungsi staf , yaitu membantu
dalam hal pelatihan, penilaian, pengimbalan, penyuluhan, promosi, dan pemecatan
karyawan.
MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA
MANUSIA
A.
Fektif dan Pengertiannya SMDM
Manajemen
adalah ilmu dan seni mengatur proses pemanfaatan sumber daya manusiandan sumber
daya lainya secara efisien untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu. Manajemen ini
terdiri dari enam unsure yaitu: men, money, methode,materials, machine, dan
market.
Unsu
men (manusia) ini berkembang menjadi suatu bidang ilmu manajemen yang di sebut
manajemen sumber daya manusia atau disingkat MSDM yang merupakan terjemanhan
dari man power management. Manajemen yang mengatur unsure manusia ini
ada yang menyebutnya manajemen kepegawaian atau manajemen personalia (personnel
management)
Perbedaan MSDM dengan
manajemen personalia sebagai berkut:
1. MSDM
dikaji secara mikro, sedangkan manajemen personalia dikaji secara mikro.
2. MSDM
mengangap bahwa karyawan adalah kekayaan (asset) utama organisasi, jadi harus
di pelihara dengan baik. Manajemen personalia mengangap karyawan adalah factor
produksi, jadi harus di manfaatkan secara produktif.
3. MSDM
pendekatannya secara modern,sedangkan manajemen personalia pendekatannya secara
klasik.
SMDM
adalah bagian dari manajemen. Oleh karena itu teori-teori manajemen umum
menjadi dasar pembahasannya. SMDM lebih memfaktorkan pembahasannya mengenai
pengaturan peranan manusia dalam mewujutkan tujuan yang optimal. Pengaturan ini
meliputi masalah perencanaan, pengorgnisasian, pengarahan, pengendalian,
pengadaan, pengembangan, kompensasi, pengintegrsian, pemeliharaan, kedisiplinan
dan pemberhentian tanaga kerja untuk membantu terwujudnya tujuan perusahaan dan
masyarakat. Jelasnya MSDM mengatur tenaga kerja manusia sedemikian rupa
sehingga terwujud tujuan perusahaan, kepuasan karyawan, dan masyarakat.
B.
Komponen MSDM
Tenaga kerja manusia
pada dasarnya dibedakan atas pengusaha, karyawan dan pimpinan.
1.
Pengusaha
Pengusaha adalah setiap orang yang menginvestasikan
modalnya untuk memperoleh pendapatan dan besarnya pendapatan itu tidak menentu
tergantung pada laba yang dicapai perusahaan tersebut.
2.
Karyawaan
Karyawan merupakan kekayaan utama suatu perusahaan,
karena tampa keikutsertaan mereka, aktivitas perusahaan tidak akan terjadi.
Karyawan berperan aktif dalam menerapkan rencana, system, proses, dan tujuan
yang akan di capai.
Kariawan adalah penjual jasa dan mendapat
konpensasi yang besarnya telah di tetapkan terlebih dahulu. Mereka wajib dan
terikat untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan yang di berikan dan berhak memperoleh
konpensasi sesuai dengan perjanjian. Posisi karyawan dalam sebuah perusahaan di
bedakan atas karyawan operasional dan karyawan menejerial.
a.
Karyawan
operasional
Karyawan operasional adalah setiap orang yang secara
langsung harus mengerjakan sendiri pekerjaannya sesuai dengan perintah atasan.
b.
Karyawan
Menejerial
Karyawan
menejerial adalah setiap orang yang berhak memerintah bawahannya untuk
mengerjakan sebagian pekerjaannya dan dikerjakan sesuai dengan perintah. Mereka
mencapai tujuannya melalui kegiatan-kegiatan orang lain.
3.
Pimpinan dan manager
Pimpinan adalah seseorang yang mempergunakan
wewenang dan kepemimpinannya untuk menggerakan orang lain serta bertanggung
jawab atas pekerjaan orang tersebut dalam mencapai suatu tujuan. Kepemimpinan
adalah gaya seorang pemimpin mempengaruhi bawahannya, agar mau bekerja sama dan
bekerja efektif sesuai dengan perintahnya.
Setiap pimpinan atau manajer adalah termasuk
manajer personalia, karna karna tugasnya mengatur personel yang menjadi
bawahannya.
Menurut menurut John Frech dan Bertram Raven, factor
yang dapat mendukung manager dalam memimpin para bawahannya antara lain sebagai
berikut
1.
Otoritas-otoritas
manajer untuk coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expertpower
dan reference power
2.
Para
karyawan masih mempunyi kebutuhan yang sama, yaitu kebutuhan makanan, kebutuhan
hidup berkelompok, kebutuhan social, kebutuhan kerjasama, dan kebutuhan
memperoleh kepuasan kerja.
3.
Orang-orang
mau bekerja sama dan hidup berkelompok karna adanya keterbatasan, yaitu
keterbatasan fisik dan mental.
4.
Orang
mau bekerja sama karena keinginan mempertahankan hidup, berkuasa mendapat
pujian dan pengakuan.
C.
Peranan
MSDM
Manajer adalah fungsi yang berhubung dengan
mewujudkan hasil tertentu melalui kegiatan orang-orang. Hal ini berarti sumber
daya manusia berperan penting dan dominan dalam manajer.
MSDM mengatur dan menetapkan program kepegawaian
yang mencakup masalah-masalah sebagai berikut.
1. Menetapkan
jumlah kualitas dan penetapkan tenaga kerja sesuai dengan kebutuhan perusahaan
bedasarkan job description, Job specification, job requirement,
dan job evaluation.
2. Menetapkan
penaikan, seleksi, dan penetapan karyawan berdasarkan asas the right man in
the right place and the right man in the right job.
3. Menetapkan
program kesejahteraan, pengembangan, promosi, dan pemberhentian
4. Meramalkan
penawaran dan permintaan sumber daya manusia pada masa yang akan datang
5. Memperkirakan
keadaan perekonomian pada umumnya dan perkembangan perusahaan pada khususnya.
6. Memonitor
dengan cermat undang-undang pemburuhan dan kebijaksanaan pemberian balas jasa
perusahaan-perusahaan sejenis.
7. Memonitor
kemajuan tehnik dan perkembangan serikat buruh.
8. Melaksankan
pendidikan, latihan, dan penilaian presentasi karyawan.
9. Mengatur
mutasi karyawan baik vertical dan horizontal.
10. Mengatur
pension, pemberhentian, dan pesangon.
D.
Perkembangan
MSDM
Perkembangan MSDM didorong oleh kemajuan peradaban,
pendidikan, ilmu, pengetahuan dan tuntutan daya saing produksi barang dan jasa
yang di hasilkan.
MSDM
sudah ada sejak adanya kejasama dan pembagian kerja di antara dua orang atau
lebih dalam mencapai tujuan tertentu. MSDM ini pada mulanya terpadu dalam
manajemen atau belum menjadi ilmu yang berdiri sendiri.
E.
Metode
pendekatan MSDM
Dalam mempelajari MSDM ada tiga pendekatan yang
dapat di lakukan, yaitu
1. Pendekaam
mekanis
2. Pendekatan
paternalis
3. Pendekatan
system social.
Ketiga
macam metode pendekatan ini sama-sama mempunyai kebaikan dan kelemahan. Dalam
pendekatannya,seseorang menejer harus dapat menerapkan secara efektif dan
selektif metode pendekaytan mana yang paling tepat dalam mengatasi masalah yang
dihadapi. Pendekatan mana yang paling efektif tergantung pada situasai dan
keadaan yang dihadapi manajer. Sjarah pendekatan masa lalu kita pergunakan
sebagai cermin yang akan diimplementasikan kepada masa yang akan datang.
F.
Fungsi
MSDM
Fungsi manajemen sumberdaya manusia meliputi
perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan, pengendalian, pengadaan,
pengembangan konpensasi pengintergrasian, pemeliharaan, kedisiplinan, dan
pemberhentikan.
PERENCANAAN
SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA
A.
Arti
dan pentingnya sumber daya manusia
Perencanaan sumber daya manusia dapat dilakukan
dengan baik dan benar jika perencanaannya mengetahui apa dan bagaimana sumber
manusia itu.
Sumber daya manusia adalah kemampuan terpadu dari
daya pikir dan fisik yang dimiliki individu. Prilaku dan sifatnya di tentukan
oleh keturunan dan lingkungannya, sedangkan prestasi kerjanya di motifasi oleh
keinginan untuk memenuhi kepuasannya.
B.
Perencanaan
Sumber Daya Manusia
Perencanaan sumber daya manusia atau Human Resources
planning disingkat PSDM merupakan fungsi pertama dan utama dari manajemen
sumberdaya manusia. PSDM diproses oleh perencana(planner) dan hasilnya menjadi
rencana (plan). Dalam rencana di tetapkan tujuan dan pedoman pelaksanaan serta
menjadi dasar control. Tanpa rencana, control tak dapat dilakukan, dan tampa
control,pelaksanaan rencana baik ataupun salah tidk dapat di ketahui.
Tujuan Perencanaan SDM
1. Untuk
menentukan kelitas dan kuantitas karyawan yang akan mengisi semua jabatan dan
perusahaan.
2. Unuk
menjamin tersedianya tanaga kerja masa kini maupun masa depan, sehinga setiap
pekerjaan ada yang mengerjakanya.
3. Untuk
menghindari terjadinya mismanajemen dan tumpang tindih dalam pelaksanaan tugas.
4. Untuk
me,permudah koordinasi, integrasi, dan singkronisasi (KIS) sehingga
produktivitas meningkat.
5. Untuk
menghindari kekurangan atau kelebihn karyawan.
6. Untuk
menjadi pedoman dalam menetapkan program penarikan, seleksi, pengembangan,
konpensasi, pengintegrasian, pemeliharaan, kedisiplinan, dan pemberhentian
karywan.
7. Menjadi
pedoman dalam melaksanakan mutasi ( vertikal atau horizontal) dan pensiun
karyawan.
8. Menjadi
dasarr dalam melakukan penilainan karyawan.
Sumber
daya manusia adalah suatu kesatuan tenaga manusia yang ada dalam suatu
organisasi dan bukan sekedar penjumlahan karyawan-karyawan yang ada. Sebagai
kesatuan, sumber daya manusia harus dipandang sbagai suatu sistem dimana
tiap-tiap karyawan merupakan bagian yang saling berkaitan satu dengan lainnya
dan bersama-sama berfungsi untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi. Selanjutnya,
manajemen sumberdaya manusia pun merupakan sebuah sistem tersendiri dengan
sumber daya manusia sebagai subsistemnya. Sebagai sistem swabina, manajemen
sumberdaya manusia memiliki berbagai ciri yang merupakan ciri sistem swabina
lainnya, kesatuan ciri-ciri manajemen sumber daya manusia dapat dirangkum ke
dalam konsep Ambisi, Kenyataan dan Usaha.
Perlu
diulangi bahwa manajemen bisa berarti pihak yang mengelola maupun kegiatan yang
dikelola. Dalam kaitannya itu manajemen sumber daya manusia tidak boleh dilihat
hanya sebagai sebagai tugas orang yang memegang jabatan manajer sumber daya
manusia. Manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah tanggung jawab dan tugas setiap
orang dalam sebuah organisasi.
AMBISI
MANAJEMEN SDM: VISI, MISI, DAN SASARAN
Hampir
tiap organisasi besar punya pernyataan tentang visi dan misi organisasi itu.
Selain itu, tiap-tiap jangka waktu tertentu, dirumuskan pula sasaran
organisasi. Ada kalanya sasaran ini dibedakan pula menjadi sasaran jangka
panjang, sasaran jangka menengah, dan sasaran jangka pendek. Dalam pandangan
konsep AKU, semua hal itu tergabung dalam istilah Ambisi, yaitu hal yang
ingin dicapai organisasi. Perbedaan antara istilah-istilah itu lebih banyak
disebabkan oleh perbedaan batas waktu pencapaiannya. Sasaran jangka pendek adalah
Ambisi yang memiliki batas waktu pencapaian paling segera. Sasaran
jangka pendek sebetulnya merupakan Ambisi perantara bagi sasaran jangka
menengah, dan jangka sasaran menegah sebetulnya adalah Ambisi perantara bagi
sasaran jangka panjang. Selanjutnya, sasaran jangka panjang adalah Ambisi
perantara bagi misi organisasi sementara misi organisasi sendiri merupakan
perantara untuk memenuhi visi organisasi. Penting untuk di ingat bahwa visi
organisasi sesungguhnya bukanlah sesuatu yang sepenuhnya dapat tercapai. Visi
organisasi lebih merupakan perumusan keadaan ideal yang dijadikan arah bagi
pengembangan organisasi.
KENYATAAN
MANAJEMEN SDM
Kenyataan
Eksternal
Sebagai
subsistem dari organisasi, manajemen sumber daya manusia menghadapi berbagai kenyataan
eksternal yang meliputi baik ciri-ciri organisasi maupun kenyataan-kenyataan
diluar organisasi. Tingkat perkembangan organisasi, sifat organisasi,
peraturan-peraturan pemerintah adalah berbagai Kenyataan yang perlu
dipertimbangkan dalam melaksanakan manajemen sumber daya manusia. Diantara
berbagai Kenyataan eksternal yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus
adalah:
1. Peraturan-peraturan
tentang ketenagakerjaan. Meliputi peraturan mengenai upah buruh minimal,
peraturan mengenai jaminan social tenaga kerja, dan Undang-Undang
Ketenagakerjaan.
2.
Mutu
tenaga kerja pada umumnya dan kualitas lulusan yang dihasilkan lembaga
pendidkan adalah factor eksternal yang sangat mempengaruhi mutu sumber daya
manusia.
3. Perusahaan-perusahaan
sejenis dan perusahaan-perusahaan saingan adalah factor eksternal yang penting
diperhatikan , karena perusahaan saingan dapat mempunyai daya tarik yang
menyebabkan perginya tenaga kerja.
KENYATAAN
INTERNAL
Kenyataan
Internal dalam system manajemen sumber daya manusia meliputi kualitas dan
kuantitas sumber daya manusia, struktur organisasi, dan peraturan perusahaan,
serta budaya perusahaan.
1. Kualitas
dan kuantitas SDM
Merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manajemen
sumberdaya manusia yang ada saat ini serta kualitas dan kuantitas yang
ditargetkan akan dicapai dikemudian hari akan menentukan langkah-langkah yang
perlu dilakukan. Yang perlu diperhatikan dari kualitas tiap-tiap karyawan bukan
hanya kesanggupannya untuk mengembangkan dirinya serta mendorong pengembangan
diri rekan-rekannya. Selanjutnya mengenai kuantitas tenaga kerja yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah efisiennya.
2.
Struktur dan peraturan perusahaan
Yaitu unsure kenyataan internal lain yang juga harus
dipertimbangkan dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia. Struktur organisasi
membawa pengaruh pada pembagian peran dan pembagian peran mempengaruhi tugas,
wewenang maupun tanggung jawab tiap-tiap tenaga kerja. Peraturan perusahaan
adalah sesuatu yang dihasilkan oleh karyawan, walaupun tentu saja dengan
pengarahan dari pemimpin yang sebetulnya adalah juga bagian dari sumber daya
manusia.Peraturan itu dibuat untuk mengikat karyawan, termasuk pembuat aturan,
demi mencapai tujuan.
3.
Budaya perusahaan
Pada
hakikatnya budaya perusahaan adalah kesatuan nilai dan asumsi yang dipegang
oleh kesatuan sumber daya manusia. Budaya perusahaan juga merupakan sebuah
system progresif yang terus berkembang. Berbeda dengan peraturan yang kognitif,
budaya perusahaan umumnya lebih mengakar dan lebih berpengaruh pada tingkah
laku karyawan.
USAHA
MANAJEMEN SDM
Perencanaan,
Pengadaan, dan Pengembangan SDM
Salah
satu tujuan pokok manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah menjamin tersedianya
tenaga kerja yang mempengaruhi persyaratan pada waktu tenaga itu dibutuhkan.
Oleh karena itu, salah satu hal yang harus dilakukan dalam manajemen sumber
daya manusia adalah membuat perencanaan mengenai kebutuhan tenaga kerja.
Singkatnya, dalam merencanakan tenaga kerja perlu diperhatikan sebagai berikut:
1. Macam-macam
kegiatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa mendatang.
2. Jumlah
dan mutu karyawan yang dibutuhkan untuk melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan itu.
3. Rencana
mutasi, promosi, dan pension karyawan.
Setelah
memiliki rencana jumlah dan mutu tenaga kerja perlu dipikirkan cara
pengadaannya. Pada dasarnya ada dua alternative utama dalam pengadaan tenaga
kerja. Alternative pertama adalah mencarinya dipasar tenaga kerja, dan
alternative kedua adalah mempromosikan orang-orang tertentu. Kegiatan
mempromosikan orang tertentu, umumnya dianggap sebagai pilihan yang lebih baik
karena orang lama biasanya sudah lebih mengenal budaya perusahaan dan lebih
bisa diterima dibandingkan dengan orang dari luar.
HUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT
The
termHuman ResourceManagement(HRM) (human
resource management /HRM) refers toactivitiesundertaken
toattract, develop, and
maintainan effectiveworkforcewithinan organization. Without
thehuman resource managementis effective,the company's growthwillberestrainedtehambatand
performance.
Humanresourcemanagementconsistsofthree parts. First, all managersarehumanresourcemanagers. For example, atIBM, all managersare expectedtogiveattentionto thedevelopmentandsatisfaction oftheirsubordinates. Second, employeesviewed asassets. Karyawanlah, not machinesor buildings, whichprovide a competitive advantageto the company. In acompetitivebusinessenvironmentis very tight, howa companymanagesits workforcecouldbethe single most importantfactorin the effort tomaintain competitive advantage.Third, human resource managementis the process ofmatching, namelythe integration oforganizationalgoalswiththe needsof employees. Employeesshouldreceiveequalsatisfactionwith the success ofthecompany receives.
STRATEGICROLEOFHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT
Humanresourcemanagementconsistsofthree parts. First, all managersarehumanresourcemanagers. For example, atIBM, all managersare expectedtogiveattentionto thedevelopmentandsatisfaction oftheirsubordinates. Second, employeesviewed asassets. Karyawanlah, not machinesor buildings, whichprovide a competitive advantageto the company. In acompetitivebusinessenvironmentis very tight, howa companymanagesits workforcecouldbethe single most importantfactorin the effort tomaintain competitive advantage.Third, human resource managementis the process ofmatching, namelythe integration oforganizationalgoalswiththe needsof employees. Employeesshouldreceiveequalsatisfactionwith the success ofthecompany receives.
STRATEGICROLEOFHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT
Aremajor
objectivesof theHRMis closely relatedto theorganization's environment,
iecompetitionstrategy, federal laws,
andsocialtrends. Of the
threetargetsmentioned isinterestingthatan effectiveworkforceintoan organization,
develop aworkforcethatis able to achievetheiroptimalpotential,
andretain themfor thelong term.Achievement ofthese
goalsrequiresexpertisein planning, training, performance
evaluation, salaryandwageadministration, benefitsprograms, andeventermination.
ENVIRONMENTALINFLUENCEONHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT
Humanresourcemanagersmust
find, recruit, train, nurture, andretainthe best people. Humanresourceprogramsdesignedtomeetthe needs, core
valuesandstrategic goalsof the organization.Mixof economicfactors,
demographic, andsocialhas createda
tightlabor marketin mostU.S.States. In addition, the era ofdownsizing, restructuring, andreengineeringhave led tomoraleandloyalty ofmany
employeesdecline.Insuch an environment, many managersare
beginning to realizethe importance ofattention tohumanresourceissues. Withoutthe right job, the idea of the
most brillianttautrendevengoodmanagementteams, quality
circles, telecommuting, orflexiblecompensationwill
fail. In addition, if
employeesfeelappreciated, it is usually the brand does
notwant togive the bestfor the companyandgenerallyleave the companytoseeka
moresupportivework environment. Forthese reasons,
it is importantthathumanresourceexecutivesdirectly involvedin
the formation ofcompetitivestrategy, but it alsomustdescribe
thefederal lawsandreact tochanging conditionsandlabor relationscareer.
COMPETITIONSTRATEGY
HRMcontributedirectlytogood
or poorfinancial performancethrougha genuineappreciationthatit was humanassets(company
employees) that determineswhether or notachievedstrategic goals.
JudyLylesofDETdistributingCompany inNashvill, Tennessee, the supplier
companytoAdolphCoorsandMillerBrewing Company, tells hisbosswhat
was saidwhenhehiredahuman resources manager: "everygood
managerwill tellyouthat thegreatestassetof a company isemployees, butemployeesappearas liabilities in theincome statement. While thetruckisanasset.
Wehave
a lot ofmechanicsin thecare ofthe trucks, buthave no onetotake care ofourgreatestassets, namelythe employees."Lyles sees itselfas
amechanicand leader of thecheerleadersforworkersDET. Helooked
atthe department ofhumanresourcesnot only asprotectivelegislation butas a"protective
careworkers".
Competitive
strategiesa companymayalsoinvolvemergersandacquisitions,
reengineering, and theadoption
ofautomatedproductiontechnologies. All
ofthesestrategicdecisionswilldetermine thecompany's needsandemployeeskills.
The role ofhumanresourcemanagementaadalahtofindthe
exactcomposition ofemployeesinorder to implement
thecompany'scompetitivestrategy.
FEDERALLEGISLATION
Over
thepast 30 years,severalfederal lawsthe UnitedStateshave been issuedto
ensureequal employment opportunity(EEO-Equal
Employment Opportunity).
Federallaw
|
Year
|
Provisi
|
EqualOpportunitiesLawEmployment/Anti-Discrimination
|
||
Civil Rights Act
|
1991
|
Providepayment of
compensationorpenaltyplus-delayed
compensationtothe traditionaldiscrimination
casesunderTitleVIIintentionalof the CivilRightsAct of1964.Theselawsremove the
burdenof proof onthe employer.
|
Americans with
Disabilities Act
|
1990
|
Prohibitsdiscriminationagainstindividualswith
disabilities andaskingemployersto provide"accommodation"
|
Vocational
Rehabilitation Act
|
1973
|
Prohibit
discriminationand physicalandmentaldisabilitiesrequireemployersto
tellemployeesabout the programsof affirmative action.
|
Age Discrimination in
Employment Act (ADEA)
|
1967
|
Prohibit
discriminationandto setmandatory retirementage
|
Civil Rights Act,
Title VII
|
1964
|
Prohibitdiscriminationbased
on race, religion, color, sex, orcountry of origin.
|
LawCompensation/benefits
|
||
Family and Medical
Leave Act
|
1993
|
Askingemployersto
provideleavewithoutpay forup to 12weeksforbirth, adoption or familyemergencies
|
Equal Pay Act
|
1963
|
Prohibitdiscriminationbased
on sexcompensationforequalwork.
|
ActHealth/Safety
|
||
Consolidated Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act (COBRA)
|
1985
|
Ask
forthe continuation ofhealthinsurance(paidbyemployee)
following theexpiration ofthe employment contract
|
Occupational Safety
and Health Act (OSHA)
|
1970
|
Establishstandardsmandatoryhealth
andsafetywithin the organization.
|
Table.ImportantFederallegislationrelating
toHRM
Affirmative
action is a policy that encourages employers to take positive steps to ensure
equality of employment opportunities for minorities. Affirmative action program
is a formal document that can be reviewed by employees and agencies
implementation of legislation anti-discrimination. The purpose of this action
is to reduce or eliminate internal injustices between groups of employees.
CHANGES IN CAREER
One
issue that more and more attention and the organization's human resource
manager is a career changing conditions. HRM can benefit the organization and
its employees if they can respond to recent changes in the relationship between
an employer and employee and new ways of working, such as telecommuting and
job-sharing.
CHANGES IN SOCIAL
CONTRACT
In
the old social contract between organizations and employees, employees
contribute skills, education, loyalty, and commitment, and expects that the
company will provide salary and benefits, employment, career advancement, and
training throughout the period of employment. But these changes have altered
the environment of this contract. Many organizations have been downsizing and
lay off many employees. Employees are protected from layoffs may feel low job
security. New projects are changing the employee wants to work with groups,
leaders, and work schedules are different. Thus, employees are only successful
if the organization succeeds.
newcontract
|
old
contract
|
|
employee
|
Employability,
personalresponsibility.
Ally inbusinessdevelopment. Learning. |
Job
security.
Gears
in a machine.
Knowing.
|
employers
|
Continuouslearningprocess.
Career movelaterally, incentive compensation. Opportunities forself-developmentandcreativity. Challengingtasks. Informationand resources. |
Traditionalcompensationpackages.
Standardizedtraining
programs.
Routine
tasks.
Limitedinformation.
|
NEWWAYS
THATWORK
Towards the21st Century,America's
largestemployerisatemporaryagency, Manpower,Inc.. Many
companiesuseinterimemployeesorcontingentworkerstosave
moneyandavoidfuturelayoffs. Suchworkersdo everythingfromtypingtobe
atemporaryCEO. Since theadvent ofmass-production technologyandmodern
organizations, redefinitionof workandcareerhappened soradical. In
thenewconditions, eachworkermusttake care ofhis own career. One of
thebiggesttrendstoday istelecommuting, iethe use ofcomputersandcommunications
equipmenttodo the jobwithouthaving to go intothe office.
EMPLOYMENTEFFECTIVEINTEREST
The first targetofhumanresourcemanagementis
toattractindividualswho showedsignswillbea valuableandproductiveemployees. The
first stepin attractinglaborisan effectivehumanresourceplanning, whereprofessionalmanagersorhuman-resource
professionalspredictthe needsof newemployeesbased onthe types
ofjobsareavailable, asillustratedin thefollowingexhibit:
The
second step is to use recruitment procedures for communicating with potential
applicants. The third step is to select applicants who are believed to be the
best potential contributor to the organization. Finally, new employees welcomed
by the organization.
Underlying
the effort to attract employees is a matching organizational model. According
to the model matching (matching model), organizations and individuals trying to
match the needs, interests, and values that they offer to each
other. The organization offers a "stimulation" while offering
employees' contributions ".
HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING
Is
forecasting human resource needs and estimates the number of vacancies
available to then matched with the appropriate individuals. With the forecast
of human resource needs of the future, the organization can prepare itself to
meet the challenges of competition more effectively than other organizations
that respond to problems only when problems arise.
RECRUITMENT
Recruitment
(recruiting) is defined as "activities or practices of the determination
of the desired characteristics of the applicants, who would later become the
subject of the application of selection procedures." Although we often
think that the campus recruitment as a recruitment activity are common, many
organizations using internal recruitment or promotion policies from within, to
fill high level positions. But sometimes, external recruitment (recruitment of
new arrivals from outside the organization) also has the advantage.
REALISTIC JOB PREVIEW
Provide
all relevant information and realistic to the applicants (both positive and
negative) about the job and organization.
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
Organizations
must ensure that their recruitment practices in accordance with the law. Most
large companies trying to comply with affirmative action guidelines and EEO.
Prudential Insurance Company policy to actively take measures of affirmative
action to recruit individuals from various groups.
Equal
Opportunity Employer
Prudential recruit, select, train,
promote, and provide fringe benefits to individuals regardless of race,
color, religion or belief, age, sex, marital status, country of origin, the
ancestors, the obligation of serving the U.S. armed forces, status as a
disabled veteran or Vietnam veteran, or physical or mental disability.
This
is an official policy of the company because:
• We believe this policy is appropriate • It makes business • In accordance with the prevailing business
We are also committed to implement
affirmative action programs in which members of the dati groups who are
underrepresented in our active search and hire for all the opportunities at
all levels of the company. By employing people from diverse backgrounds,
prudential benefit from the diversity of our society.
|
Another
legal consideration is the company's obligation in relation to the recruitment
of employees who then perform criminal acts in the workplace. Therefore human
resource departments began to actively investigate the backgrounds of
employees.
SELECTION
In
the process selection, the employer attempted to determine skills, abilities,
and other attributes of an applicant to perform a specific job.
DESCRIPTION OF WORK
(job description)
Usually
contains a list of duties and qualifications diperkulan for a job. For internal
recruitment, the company can notify the skills and abilities needed to
employees.
DEVICE-DEVICE SELECTION
Some
devices are often used are the application forms, interviews, written tests and
assessment centers. Valid selection procedures akanmenyediakan high scores are
likely to be successful future of high performance as well.
APPLICATION FORM
Used
to gather information about education, work experience and other characteristics
of karakteistik-applicants.
INTERVIEW
Used
in the process perkrutan for almost all categories of work by nearly all
organizations and serves as a two-way communication channels so that applicants
and organizations can gather information from each other.
WRITTEN TEST (paper and
pencil test)
Many
companies are interested in doing tests capable of measuring personality
characteristics such as openness to learning, initiative, responsibility, creativity,
and stbilitas emotion.
ASSESSMENT CENTER
First
built by a number of psychologists at AT & T, the assessment center is used
to select individuals who have a high potential for career management by
organizations such as AT & T, IBM, General Electric, and JC Penney.
Assessment center provides a number of managerial situations to groups of
applicants.
ESTABLISHING EFFECTIVE
LABOR
Training and Development
Training and Development
The
most common form of training is on-the-job-training, namely the type of
transition in which an experienced employees "adopt" a new employee
to be trained how to perform work tasks. OJT has many advantages, such as the
minimum cost requirements for training facilities, materials, or instructors,
as well as easy for newcomers to absorb knowledge.
Other training methods
are commonly used are:
• Training orientation, where newcomers are introduced to the "culture". Standards, and goals of the organization.
• Training class, which includes lectures, films, audiovisual techniques, and simulation.
• programmed instructions and with the help of computers, where employees learn on their own from the text that contains exercises and quizzes.
• Conference and class discussion groups, where employee analyze cases or discuss certain topics with the help of a training leader.
• Training orientation, where newcomers are introduced to the "culture". Standards, and goals of the organization.
• Training class, which includes lectures, films, audiovisual techniques, and simulation.
• programmed instructions and with the help of computers, where employees learn on their own from the text that contains exercises and quizzes.
• Conference and class discussion groups, where employee analyze cases or discuss certain topics with the help of a training leader.
PROMOTION OF THE
Help
companies retain and build productive employees. Promotion of providing
challenging assignments, new responsibilities, and help employees develop their
skills.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (performance
appraisal)
Is
another important technique used to build an effective workforce that comprises
the steps of observation and assessment of employee performance, recording the
results of the evaluation, and providing feedback to employees.
In
general, human resource professionals must concentrate on two things to make
the performance evaluation of a positive force in their organizations:
• Accurate assessment of performance through the establishment and implementation of system-scoring systems such as rating scales, and
• Training managers to be able to use effectively the performance evaluation interview, so they can provide feedback that will reinforce good performance and motivate the development of employees.
• Accurate assessment of performance through the establishment and implementation of system-scoring systems such as rating scales, and
• Training managers to be able to use effectively the performance evaluation interview, so they can provide feedback that will reinforce good performance and motivate the development of employees.
MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE
LABOR
Maintenance
of effective labor involving compensation, salaries and wages, benefits, and
termination.
COMPENSATION
The term compensation
refers to:
• All forms of remuneration in money, and
• All goods or commodities that are used in lieu of cash remuneration to employees.
• All forms of remuneration in money, and
• All goods or commodities that are used in lieu of cash remuneration to employees.
WAGE AND SALARY SYSTEM
Based
on the compensation system expertise (skill-based pay system), ie those
employees who have higher skills receive higher compensation than lower skilled
employees.
Another approach used to determine the rate of salary or wages is a job-based pay, where compensation is associated with specific tasks that the employee worked. This system has several drawbacks, including:
• System-based job may fail to provide remuneration to the types of learning behaviors needed by the organization in order to adapt and survive in a rapidly changing environment of today.
• This system reinforces the pressure on the organizational hierarchy and centralized decision-making and control, which does not correspond with the trend of increased participation and responsibility of employees.
Another approach used to determine the rate of salary or wages is a job-based pay, where compensation is associated with specific tasks that the employee worked. This system has several drawbacks, including:
• System-based job may fail to provide remuneration to the types of learning behaviors needed by the organization in order to adapt and survive in a rapidly changing environment of today.
• This system reinforces the pressure on the organizational hierarchy and centralized decision-making and control, which does not correspond with the trend of increased participation and responsibility of employees.
EQUITABLE COMPENSATION
Job
evaluation (job evaluation) refers to the process of determining the value or
benefit from a job in an organization through the review of work content. Job
evaluation techniques allow managers to compare the content of the various jobs
and then determine a fair rate of pay internally, the rate of pay which the
employee is deemed unfair compared with other wage rates for other jobs within
the organization.
INCENTIVES
Incentives
linked partly base salary or wages of employees with work kineerja. Anchored incentives with the behaviors needed to help the
organization achieve its strategic goals.
WHY IMPORTANT HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ?
"Our people are our most important asset." Many
organizations are using that phrase, or something mirio with it, to find out
who played an important role for the success of the organization's employees.
The organization is also aware that all managers should be involved in all
activities of human resource management even in a large organization that has a
specific HR department.
Various studies have concluded that the organization's human
resources can be a significant source of competitive advantage. And this is
really happening to organizations around the world, not just U.S. companies.
The Human Capital Index, sutatu comprehensive global study of 2000 companies
that held olehperusahaan consultant Watson Wyatt Worldwide, concluded that
people-oriented HR can become a true source of competitive advantage.
Achieving competitive success through people requires a
fundamental change in how managers think about their employees and how managers
view the relationship work.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Human resource management processes include
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Human resource management processes include
v
Planning
human resources :
1. Recruitment
2. Reduction
3. Completion
1. Recruitment
2. Reduction
3. Completion
v
Identification
and selection of competent employees :
1. Orientation
2. Training
1. Orientation
2. Training
v
Employees
are highly adaptable and competent with the skills and knowledge that competent:
1. Performance management
2. Compensation and benefits
3. Career development
1. Performance management
2. Compensation and benefits
3. Career development
Employees are competent and capable of high performance,
continuously generating high performance in a long-term:
The first three performance ensures that employees are
competent can be identified and selected, the next two activities include
giving employees the knowledge and skills up-to-date, and three recent
activities include ensuring that organizations retain employees who are
competent and capable of performing both continuous consistently produces high
performance.
REGULATION AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION
UNITED STATES RELATING TO MANAGEMENT OR MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
Year
|
Law
or regulations |
Description
|
1963
1964
1967
1973
1974
1978
1986
1988
1988
1990
1991
1993
1996
|
Equal
Pay Act
Civil
Rights Act, Title VII (amended in 1972)
Age
Discrimination in Employment Act
Vocational
Rehabilitation Act
Privacy
Act
Mandatory
Retirement Act
Immigration
Reform and Control Act
Polygraph
Protection Act
Woker
Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act
Americans
with Disabilities Act
Civil
Rights Act of 1991
Family
and Madical Leave Act of 1993
Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
|
Prohibits
sex-based differences in wages for equal work
Prohibitdiscriminationbased on race, color,
religion, national
origin, or
sex
Prohibits
age discrimination against employees between the ages of 40 and 65 years
Prohibit
discrimination based on physical or mental disability
Giving employees the legal right to ask someone to court for misuse of personal files and letters of reference concerning the employee
Prohibitforcedmost
workersretirebeforeage70 years;
age limitremovedin 1986
Prohibitsemployersunfairlyagainstforeignersandimmigrantsworkingpracticesunfairly
Mambatasiflexibilityemployerstouseliedetector
Demands
of employers with 100 or more employees to give 60 days notice before plant
closings or mass termination
Forbids employers to discriminate against individuals physical or mental disability or who suffer from chronic pain; also demanding organizations to adequately accommodate those people Reaffirming and tighten the prohibition of discrimination; allow individuals to claim reparations as punishment for intentional discrimination if it so
Provide
12 weeks of leave without salary for each year in kepad employees in
organizations with 50 employees or more due to family or health reasons
Allowing the transfer of employee health insurance from one company to another company |
United States federal government has
greatly expanded its influence on the decisions of human resource management by
enacting a number of regulations and laws.
The managers are not entirely free to choose whom they pekrjakan, promote, or fire. Although government legislation has greatly helped to reduce discrimination and employment practices are unfair, and places of work safe temoat, paraturan government regulations that, at the same time, these regulations also reduce the flexibility the manager of a number of resource decisions humans.
The managers are not entirely free to choose whom they pekrjakan, promote, or fire. Although government legislation has greatly helped to reduce discrimination and employment practices are unfair, and places of work safe temoat, paraturan government regulations that, at the same time, these regulations also reduce the flexibility the manager of a number of resource decisions humans.
ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCES
Human resource planning is conducted Enterprises managers to ensure that they have the number and type of the right people at the right place, at the right time, capable of completing a number of tasks that can be in charge secaraefektif and efficient. Human resource planning can be succinctly into three steps: (1) assess existing human resources present, (2) assess the human resource needs in the future and develop programs umtuk meet these future needs.
ASSESSMENT NOW
The managers start planning for human resources by reviewing the status of the organization's human resources are there now, usually using a supply of human resources. The information was obtained from a number of forms filled by the employees, which includes name, education, training, previous employment, controlled language, special abilities, and special skills. Another part of the assessment now is pekrjaan analysis, the assessment that defines the various jobs and behaviors necessary to carry out such work.
With information and analysis that work, the managers create or revise job descriptions and specifications, or job title. A position description is a written statement about what was done myang incumbent, how mengerjaka job, and why it is done. A position description is typically describe the content of jobs, the environment, and conditions of hire.
Specifications positions stated minimum
qualifications to be possessed someone to run a particular job successfully.
Position specification identifies the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to
perform the job effectively. The job description and job specification is an
important document for managers when it starts recruiting and selecting.
MEETHUMAN
RESOURCESIN THEFUTURE
The need forhuman resources in thefutureis determinedby theobjectivesandorganizational strategy.Importantsources ofstockcandidatesare asfollows:
The need forhuman resources in thefutureis determinedby theobjectivesandorganizational strategy.Importantsources ofstockcandidatesare asfollows:
Source
|
Excess
|
Weakness
|
Internet
Employeereferral Company's web site Campusrecruitment Recruitment ofprofessionalorganizations |
Reachinglarge numbers of people; can
getimmediate feedback
Knowledge of theorganizationprovided bythe existingemployees; canproducea strongcandidatefora goodreferralreflectperujukannya.
Broaddistribution; can
targetspecificgroups
Overallobviouscandidate Good knowledgeof the challengesanddemands ofthe industry |
Generate a lot ofcandidateswhodo
notmemenuhioterms.
Probablydoes not increasethe diversityandinterminglingof employees Generate a lot ofcandidateswhodo notqualify Limitedpositionswill beentered Littlecommitmenttoa particularorganization |
Oncethey
assessthe ability ofbothexisting andfuture needs,theshortage ofhuman
resourcesmanagers are able toestimateboth the number
andtypeandhighlightsareaswhere theorganizationwill
betoomanyortoofewemployees.With that information,
managers are ready toadvance to
thenext step inthe process ofHR management.
RECRUITMENTANDREDUCTION
1.RECRUITMENT
Recruitmentby
using the Webor e-recruitment
has becomeapopularchoicefor many
organizationsandapplicants.
Although theonlinerecruitmentallowsthe
organizationtoidentifythe applicantsdengaqncheapandfast,
the quality ofthe applicantsthatmay not
beas good asoriginatingfrom other sources.
2.REDUCTION
Reduction ofemployeeoptions
2.REDUCTION
Reduction ofemployeeoptions
Choice
|
Description
|
Fire
Housing Leaving vacant Move Reduced hours Early retirement Sharing the work |
Forcedterminationof a permanent
Forceda temporarycessation; mayberlangsunghanyaa fewdays orbe extendedto years No-vacancy to fillvacanciesarising fromresignationorvoluntaryretirementfair Moving theemployeeto the side ordown, typicallydo notreduce costs, but canreduce theimbalance ofsupply-panawaran in the organization Tellingemployeesto workshorterperminggunya, jobsharing, working week Provide stimulationto employeeswho are older andmoreseniortoretire beforetheirnormalretirementdate Tellingemployeestoonefull timeposition |
SELECTION
Selection
is an exercise in predicting. Selection trying to predict which applicants are
successful when the decision pekerjakan.sebuah palamar iu true if the predicted
and later proved to be successful in his job or if the applicant will not be
berehasil itudi predictions and will prove so if pekerjakan.pada first case we
have successfully received ; in the second case, we have managed to resist.
The
problems arise when we make a mistake by rejecting candidates who would later
prove to be successful if in the employ or accept a candidate who then
eventually it works poorly.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Each
selection device used must be able to demonstrate validilitas managers. That
is, there must be a provable relationship between the selection and number of
relevant criteria. In addition to valid, the selection must also demonstrate
reliability (reliability) that indicates whether the device is measuring the
same thing consistently.
TYPE
OF EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Managers
can use a number of selection tools to reduce errors accept and reject errors.
The most popular devices include an analysis of the application form on the
contents of the candidate, a written exam and exam simulation work, interviews,
background research, and sometimes physical examination.
The application form includes:
Strength:
• biographical data and relevant facts which may prove to be divertifikasi appropriate measure of performance for some work
• When items in the form has been in value to reflect the derivative work, this device has proven to be an appropriate marker for different groups
Weaknesses:
• Usually only a couple of items in a form that proved to be the appropriate bookmark on job performance and then only for certain jobs
• Assess the application items is difficult and expensive items to be made and maintained.
Written Test include:
Strength:
• Test intellectual ability, special abilities and mechanical, perceptual accuracy, dam of motor skills is usually the right pointer for a variety of lower level jobs that require a half or no expertise in industrial organization
• Test intelligence is a pointer that is right for supervisory positions
Weaknesses:
• The characteristics of intelligence and other tests can sometimes do away with the performance in actual labor, it also reduces their validity.
Test simulation work includes:
Strength:
• Based on the data analysis work and easily meet the requirements of derivative work
• Proven to be a valid pointer in the performance of work
Weaknesses:
• Expensive for the created and is managed
Interviews include:
Strength:
• Must arrange danteratur well be an effective pointer
• The interviewer should use the general statement that became an effective pointer
Weaknesses:
• The interviewer must be aware of the truth of certain statements
• Subject to the potential for bias, especially if well-structured interviews and standardized
Background investigators include:
Strength:
• Vertivikasi background data is a valuable source of information
Weaknesses:
• reference checks are usually worthless as a selection tool
The physical examination includes:
Strength:
• Have some work with the validity of certain physical requirements
• Do mainly for insurance purposes
Weaknesses:
• Must be confident that the physical requirements associated with the job and do not discriminate
The application form includes:
Strength:
• biographical data and relevant facts which may prove to be divertifikasi appropriate measure of performance for some work
• When items in the form has been in value to reflect the derivative work, this device has proven to be an appropriate marker for different groups
Weaknesses:
• Usually only a couple of items in a form that proved to be the appropriate bookmark on job performance and then only for certain jobs
• Assess the application items is difficult and expensive items to be made and maintained.
Written Test include:
Strength:
• Test intellectual ability, special abilities and mechanical, perceptual accuracy, dam of motor skills is usually the right pointer for a variety of lower level jobs that require a half or no expertise in industrial organization
• Test intelligence is a pointer that is right for supervisory positions
Weaknesses:
• The characteristics of intelligence and other tests can sometimes do away with the performance in actual labor, it also reduces their validity.
Test simulation work includes:
Strength:
• Based on the data analysis work and easily meet the requirements of derivative work
• Proven to be a valid pointer in the performance of work
Weaknesses:
• Expensive for the created and is managed
Interviews include:
Strength:
• Must arrange danteratur well be an effective pointer
• The interviewer should use the general statement that became an effective pointer
Weaknesses:
• The interviewer must be aware of the truth of certain statements
• Subject to the potential for bias, especially if well-structured interviews and standardized
Background investigators include:
Strength:
• Vertivikasi background data is a valuable source of information
Weaknesses:
• reference checks are usually worthless as a selection tool
The physical examination includes:
Strength:
• Have some work with the validity of certain physical requirements
• Do mainly for insurance purposes
Weaknesses:
• Must be confident that the physical requirements associated with the job and do not discriminate
BEST
SELECTION TOOL WHAT AND WHEN?
Many devices are limited selection of
benefits for managers in making selection decisions. Managers should use
perangkatyang can effectively predict specific job.
To improve employee job satisfaction and reduce the level keluarmasuk, managers should consider providing Reviews Work are realistic (Realistic Job Preview, CPR). CPR meliruti positive and negative information about jobs and companies.
ORIENTATION
To improve employee job satisfaction and reduce the level keluarmasuk, managers should consider providing Reviews Work are realistic (Realistic Job Preview, CPR). CPR meliruti positive and negative information about jobs and companies.
ORIENTATION
Someone who started a new job requires
the same kind of job introductions mauoun organization. The introduction is
called orientation.
There are two jemis orientation. Orientation to familiarize employees with the work unit work unit goals, clarify how to work, contribute to the target unit, and includes introductions to new colleagues. The orientation of the organization to tell new employees about the objectives, history, philosophy, procedures, and regulations of the organization. It should include policy benefits and allowances relevant human resources such as working hours, payroll procedures, overtime claims, and additional allowances. In addition, travel around the organization of work facilities are often part of the orientation of the organization.
There are two jemis orientation. Orientation to familiarize employees with the work unit work unit goals, clarify how to work, contribute to the target unit, and includes introductions to new colleagues. The orientation of the organization to tell new employees about the objectives, history, philosophy, procedures, and regulations of the organization. It should include policy benefits and allowances relevant human resources such as working hours, payroll procedures, overtime claims, and additional allowances. In addition, travel around the organization of work facilities are often part of the orientation of the organization.
EMPLOYEE TRAINING
Staff training is an important human
resource management activities. When the job demands change, employee skills
must be changed and updated.
Type of Training
Type of Training
Type
|
cover
|
interpersonal
skills
technical business mandatory performance management Troubleshooting / decision-making Personal |
Leadership, palatihan, communicationskills, conflict
resolution, team
building, customer
service, diversityandcultural
awareness, interpersonal
skillsother
Trainingandproductknowledge,sales process,information technology,computerapplication, another importanttechnicalexpertisetoperforma specificjob Finance, marketing, productioncapabilities, quality, strategicplanning, organizational culture Safety, health, sexualharassment, andotherlegalcomplaints Anytrainingtohelp employeesboost theperformance ofindividualemployees Definingthe problem, assessthe causes, kratifitasin developingalternatives, analyzingalternatives,selectingsolutions Career planning, time management, kindness, orpersonalfinance, money management, publictalks |
TRAINING
METHODS
Employee
trainingcanbe providedin atraditionalmannerthat includestrainingon the job,
job rotationdamcoachingtraining,practicetrials, workbooksand manuals, orlecturesin class.
Butmost organizationsrely moreonthe training methodbased on
thetechnologybecause of its simplicityfortheaccess, lowcost,
andits abilitytoprovideinformation.
Traditional
training methods
• In-work employees learn how to perform simple tasks with practice it, usually after the initial introduction • Rotation-working employees work at jobs that are in a certain area, is under pressure to various tasks • Guiding and train-staff working with an experienced worker who provides information, support, encouragement; which is also called an apprentice in a specific industry • The exercises adapt trial-employees in role playing games, simulation, or the types of training face to face • The workbook / manual-employee refers to the workbook and training manual for information • Lectures in-class employees to attend lessons designed to provide specific information Training method based on technology • CD-ROM/DVD/Videotapes: people listen to or watch media that was chosen to provide information or demonstrate a particular technique • Videoconferencing / teleconferencing / Satellite TV: listening to or participating employee when the information brought or demonstrating a technique • E-learning: Internet-based learning in which employees participate in a multimedia simulation or other interactive modules |
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
MANAGEMENT
Performance
of employees to be evacuated from sistm bagina work management, namely setting
process srandar performance and employee performance appraisal to produce
objective of human resource decisions and also provide documentation to support
that decision. Performance appraisals are an important part of the work
management system.
Performance management system is a process of setting performance standards and assess performance to arrive at objective human resource decisions so as to provide dokumentsi to support that decision.
Performance management system is a process of setting performance standards and assess performance to arrive at objective human resource decisions so as to provide dokumentsi to support that decision.
METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
WORK
Managers
can choose from seven methods of performance assessment. Advantages and
disadvantages of each method in the show.
Method
|
Excess
|
Weakness
|
essaywriting
criticalincident scalerating agency BARS
comparison
MBO 360 degreeappraisal |
easy to use
Richexamples; basedbehavioral Providequantitativedata; lesstime consumingthan others Focusing onspecificbehaviorsandcanbe measured
Compareemployeesto each other
Focusing onthe endgoal; results-oriented comprehensive |
More
a measure of the ability to write the evaluator than the actual performance
of employees
Lack of wasting time calculating the numbers Does not provide the depth of the work behaviors are assessed Wasting time; difficult to be developed
Weight
with the large number of employees
wasting time wasting time |
ESSAY
WRITING
Performance appraisal is a technique in
which the appraiser writes a picture of strength and weaknesses, past
performance, and potential employees. The assessment will also make suggestions
for improvement,
INCIDENCE OF CRITICAL
Critical incidents focused attention on
the behavior of critical appraisal that separates the main uatau yaang work
effectively from effective. The author wrote down anecdotes mengggambarkan what
the employees do a very effective or very ineffective.
GRAPHIC
SCALE AGENCY
That is one of the oldest methods of
performance assessment and the most famous. This method includes a series of
performance factors such as number and quality of work, job knowledge,
cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative. Techniques of
performance appraisal in which employees at a value based on a series of
performancefactors.
BEHAVIOR
BASED ON SCALE AGENCY
That is one approach to performance assessment is increasingly popular. Scale that connects the main elements of critical incidents and graphics agency scale approach. Appraisers ranking employees according to items in the scale of numerical ratings, but the item that assessment of actual behavior contih.
That is one approach to performance assessment is increasingly popular. Scale that connects the main elements of critical incidents and graphics agency scale approach. Appraisers ranking employees according to items in the scale of numerical ratings, but the item that assessment of actual behavior contih.
COMPARISON
OF DIFFERENT PEOPLE
Seseornag performance compares with others. This approach has received much attention recently. Popularized by former General Electric CEO Jack Welch, an employee in value as the viewer terbail (20 percent), high performance 70 percent, or below 10 percent viewer.
Seseornag performance compares with others. This approach has received much attention recently. Popularized by former General Electric CEO Jack Welch, an employee in value as the viewer terbail (20 percent), high performance 70 percent, or below 10 percent viewer.
TARGETS
MBO is a method that is more preferable to assess managers and professional employees. With MBO, employees in the evaluation based on how well they achieve certain serangkian that have made them and his manager.
MBO is a method that is more preferable to assess managers and professional employees. With MBO, employees in the evaluation based on how well they achieve certain serangkian that have made them and his manager.
360
DEGREE FEEDBACK
Namely performance appraisal method that uses feedback from providers, employees and coworkers. In other words, this type of study that uses information from the full circle of people who interact with the person's manager.
Namely performance appraisal method that uses feedback from providers, employees and coworkers. In other words, this type of study that uses information from the full circle of people who interact with the person's manager.
COMPENSATION
AND WAGES
The only cata for managers to reward good employees is by giving them bonuses or promoted to another position. Most of us expect to receive appropriate compensation from our superiors. Developing an effective compensation system is feasible is an important part of the process of human resource manajemem this because they can help attract and maintain people who are competent and talented people who help the organization in achieving the mission and goals.
The only cata for managers to reward good employees is by giving them bonuses or promoted to another position. Most of us expect to receive appropriate compensation from our superiors. Developing an effective compensation system is feasible is an important part of the process of human resource manajemem this because they can help attract and maintain people who are competent and talented people who help the organization in achieving the mission and goals.
Managers must develop a compensation
system that reflects the nature of work and workplace changing constantly in
order to be able to motivate employees. Compensation may include many organizations
rewards and benefits of different such as wages and salary, wages and
additional salary, incentive pay, and allowances and other services.
CAREER
DEVELOPMENT
The term career has a number of meanings. Popularly, the term can mean penimgkatan ("career management smoothly uphill") profession ("he has chosen a career in accounting"), or a series of positions during the life ("his career include 12 jobs in 6 organizations"). Defining a career as a series of positions in the hold a person for life.
The term career has a number of meanings. Popularly, the term can mean penimgkatan ("career management smoothly uphill") profession ("he has chosen a career in accounting"), or a series of positions during the life ("his career include 12 jobs in 6 organizations"). Defining a career as a series of positions in the hold a person for life.
1.
First Period circumstances
Career development programs are
typically designed by an organization to help employees improve their work
lives in a particular organization. The focus of such programs is to provide
information, assessment, and training needed to help employees realize their
career goals. These goals have been lemyap from work today. Extensive
organizational change has caused confusion and uncertainty about the concept of
traditional organizational careers.
2. You and Your Career Now
The idea of increasing
personal responsibility for one's career has been described as a career without
boundaries where individuals rather than organizations that define kemanjuan
career, organizational loyalty, an important skill, and its market value. The
challenge for the individual is no norm, and few rules that can guide them in a
variety of new circumstances.
One of the first career decision you must make is the selection of a career. The optimum career choice is the choice that gives the best fit between what you want from your life and interests, abilities, and opportunities of your market.
10 most important factors for college graduates include:
a. Enjoy what they do
b. Opportunities to use skills and abilities
c. Opportunities to develop personal
d. Feel that what they are doing is meaningful
e. Allowance
f. Recognition of good performance
g. Colleagues who are friends
h. Place of work
i. A lot of money
j. Working in teams
One of the first career decision you must make is the selection of a career. The optimum career choice is the choice that gives the best fit between what you want from your life and interests, abilities, and opportunities of your market.
10 most important factors for college graduates include:
a. Enjoy what they do
b. Opportunities to use skills and abilities
c. Opportunities to develop personal
d. Feel that what they are doing is meaningful
e. Allowance
f. Recognition of good performance
g. Colleagues who are friends
h. Place of work
i. A lot of money
j. Working in teams
CURRENT
ISSUES IN HR MANAGEMENT
1. Managing downsizing
1. Managing downsizing
Namely the planned job reductions in a
otrganisasi. When an organization has too many employees that can occur when
necessary to save costs, are faced with a decline in market share, or have been
well developed is too aggressive. One option to increase profits is to
eliminate the excess of existing employees.
2. Managing Work Force Diversity
2. Managing Work Force Diversity
Affect the fundamental human resource
management concern, such as recruitment, selection, and orientation and
training.
3. Recruitment
To improve the diversity of the workforce,
managers must broaden their recruitment nets. To increase diversity, the
managers turned to recruiting non-traditional sources, such as networks of
women, the club over the age of 50 years, urban job banks, training centers for
people who are physically handicapped, ethnic newspapers, and defender of gay
rights organizations. Search to an outside source that would allow the
organization to expand a collection of diverse applicants.
4. Selection
4. Selection
After appearing a diverse range of
applicants, efforts must be made to ensure that the selection process does not
discriminate. Moreover, the applicants must be comfortable with the culture of
the organization and made aware of the desire of management to accommodate
their needs.
5. Orientation and Training
5. Orientation and Training
The manager put together a program that
reflects the diversity that abisius increase the value provided by the company
towards the implementation of the diversity of viewpoint. One of the things
they do is give a gift "champion of diversity," ie, any employee who
support and promote the benefits of diversity.
6. Sexual Harassment
6. Sexual Harassment
Is a serious problem in government and
private sector organizations. Sexual harassment is defined as the activity of a
sexual nature that does not want to affect the employment of certain employees.
Harassment can terhadi between members of the opposite sex or same sex. Most of
the problems associated with sexual harassment is determining exactly what constitutes
an illegal assessment.
7. Work life balance
7. Work life balance
Organizations hire people who have
feelings, personal life outside the office life, personal problems, family
ties. In response to the working life, most large organizations have taken
measures to make the workplace more family friendly by offering family-friendly
benefits that include extensive program of work and family to help employees.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Amirullah,
Haris Budiyono, 2004. Pengantar Manajemen, Edisi kedua. Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta.
2. Malayu
Hasibuan S.P, 2000. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. PT. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
3. Matindas
R, 2000.Manajemen SDM Lewat Konsep A.K.U. PT Pustaka Utama Grafiti, Jakarta.
4. Daft,
Richard L, 2002. Manajemen, Edisi kelima. Erlangga, Jakarta.
5. Robbins
Stephen P., Coulter Mary, 2007. Manajemen. PT. MACANAN, Jakarta.
TUGAS
SOAL-SOAL
1.
Mengapa manajemen itu penting?
Jawaban :
Karena pada hakekatnya manajemen di harapkan dapat bermanfaat untuk
- Kepentingan umum
Keberadaan manajemen akan menjamin
tercapainya kepentingan umum karena manajemen memperjuangkan kepentingan semua
pihak yang ada dalam organisasi.
- Tujuan organisasi
Manajemen diberlakukan dalam
organisasi dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organsiasi. Keadaan ini menunjukkan
bahwa pencapaian tujuan organisasi secara efektif dan effisien sangat terbantu
oleh manajemen.
- Arahan bagi pimpinan
Manajemen dapat dipastikan membantu
pimpinan organisasi dalam memetakan kerja sama yang dibangun dalam organisasi
yang dipimpinnya melalui kebijakan-kebijakan untuk meraih tujuan yang
diinginkan.
Pemaparan tentang sisi pemahaman
terhadap manajemen menunjukkan bahwa bagi orang-orang yang terjun dalam
organisasi formal atau informal, perlu mengkaji dan mempelajari manajemen. Hal
tersebut sangat mendukung perkembangan ilmu manajemen, sebagaimana ungkapan
para ahli tentang perlunya mempelajari manajemen. Manajemen,
bagaimanapun sangat diperlukan oleh semua organisasi, karena tanpa manajemen,
semua usaha untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi akan sia-sia. Untuk itu,
setidaknya ada tiga alasan mengapa harus mempelajari manajemen.
- Untuk mencapai tujuan
- Untuk menjaga keseimbangan antara tujuan-tujuan yang bertentangan.
- Untuk mencapai effisiensi dan efektivitas
Stoner (1996) juga mengatakan
adanya tiga (3) alasan penting mengapa kita harus mempelajari manajemen, yaitu
yang menyangkut masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa yang akan datang. Semua itu
menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap manusia yang bekerja sama dalam
organisasi, dan di bawah bimbingan manajer akan lebih banyak hal yang dapat
diraih. Keadaan-keadaan tersebut dapat dsimpulkan bahwa, organisasi memberikan
kontribusi pada standar kehidupan umat manusia masa kini di seluruh dunia,
organisasi membangun masa depan yang lebih baik dan membantu individu-individu
untuk melakukan hal yang sama, organissi membantu menghubungkan manusia dengan
masa lalunya dan organisasi dapat dipandang sebagai pola hubungan manusia.
2. Apa yang anda liat perbedaan antara manajemen
masa lalu, masa kini dan masa depan?
·
Jawaban :
·
Masa Lalu
1. Menurut
Adam Smith pada tahun 1776 mengemukakan bahwa keunggulan ekonomis yang akan
diperoleh organisasi dan masyarakat dari pembagian kerja, perincian pekerjaan
kedalam tugas-tugas yang spesifik dan berulang-ulang.
2. Menurut
Frederick W. Taylor pada tahun 1911, mengemukakan bahwa dengan menganalisis
pekerjaan tersebut secara ilmiah untuk menentukan “satu-satunya cara terbaik”
menaruh orang yang tepat pada pekerjaan dengan peralatan dan perlengkapan yang
tepat, dan memotivasi pekerja itu dengan insentif ekonomi yakni upah harian
yang lebih tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, Taylor mencapai perbaikan dalam
produktifitas yang konsisten.
3. Menurut
Frank dan Lilian Gilberth pada tahun 1912, mengemukakan bahwa cara yang lebih
tepat dari unsure-unsur tiap-tiap gerakan tangan si pekerja.
·
Masa Sekarang
1. Menurut
Henry Fayol, menggambarkan praktik manajemen sebagai sesuatu yang berbeda
dengan akuntansi, keuangan, produksi, distribusi, dan bisnis-bisnis lainnya.
2. Menurut
Max Weber, menggambarkan suatu tipe ideal organisasi yang disebutnya birokrasi.
Bentuk organisasi yang dicirikan oleh pembagian kerja, hierarki yang
didefinisikan dengan jelas, peraturan dan ketetapan yang rinci, dan sejumlah
hubungan yang impersional. Max Weber menyadari bahwa birokrasi ideal tidak ada
dalam realita, jadi ia memaksudkannya sebagai landasan untuk berteori tentang
bagaimana pekerjaan itu dapat dilakukan dalam kelompok yang besar.
Letak perbedaan :
Manajemen masa lalu lebih berorientasi
kepada pembagian kerja yang lebih spesifik dan cenderung dilakukan secara
berulang-ulang dan berkembang dengan menaruh orang-orang pada keahlian yang di
milikinya agar dapat bekerja secara efisien serta memotivasi karyawan berupa
insentif atu upah yang lebih tinggi.
Manajemen masa sekarang lebih
menggambarkan sesuatu yang berbeda dengan mempelihatkan suatu bentuk organisasi
yang lebih besar dengan pembagian kerja dan peraturan atau ketetapan yang
rinci. Pembagian kerja terpisah secara jelas berdasarkan keahlian karyawannya
dan pemberian motivasi tidak hanya berupa pemberian insentif atau imbalan,
melainkan juga dapat berbentuk promosi, penghargaan, asuransi jaminan tenaga
kerja dan lain-lain.
Dalam perkembangan
teknologi yang demikian cepat maka di masa depan perusahaan akan lebih banyak
menghadapi masalah-masalah manusia dari pada masalah teknis.Pengusaha perlu
menjamin pemberian imbalan yang layak sesuai sumbangan jasa dan kemajuan
yangdicapai perusahaan. Karyawan harus memiliki kesadaran turut bertanggung
jawab atas kelancaran, kemajuan dan kelangsungan hidup perusahaan. Selain itu,
sama halnya dengan menajemen masa sekarang yang menjadikan manajemen masa lalu
sebagai tahap pembelajaran menuju ke manajemen yang lebih baik, manajemen masa
sekarang pun diharapkan menjadi acuan untuk menjadi yang lebih baik dimasa yang
akan datang dengan mengurangi kesalahan dan lebih mematangkan tindakan-tindakan
atau kebijakan-kebijakan perusahaan mengenai produktifitas, masyarakat maupun
hubungannya dengan karyawan.
3.
Apa hubungan antara motivasi, kebutuhan dan keterdesakan?
Jawaban :
Perlu
suatu keterdesakan sehingga membuat kita tidak ada pilihan untuk memulai suatu
pekerjaan. Ibarat bola yang semakin kita desak ke dalam air, semakin kuat kita
mendesak bola ke air yang lebih dalam maka akan semakin besar pula daya tolak
bola untuk keluar dari air. Keterdesakan ini bisa tercipta dengan sendirinya
ataupun bisa kita ciptakan sehingga timbullah motivasi untuk mencapai tujuan
yang kita inginkan. Secara umum motivasi merupakan dorongan
dari dalam diri manusia untuk melakukan tindakan yang dapat memberikan sesuatu
yang dibutuhkan. Setiap individu memiliki beragam
kebutuhan. Seluruh kebutuhan tersebut berkompetisi untuk melahirkan
perilakunya. Kebutuhan paling kuatlah yang akan memimpin perilaku individu.
Suatu kebutuhan akan berkurang kekuatannya apabila kebutuhan tersebut sudah
dipuaskan.
4.
Bagaimana membangun sebuah organisasi yang kuat tanpa manajemen yang kuat?
Jawaban : Menururt kami tidak biasa karena Untuk
membangun organisasi yang kuat harus dilakukan dengan penerapan sistem
manajemen yang profesional, modem, fungsi leadership yang kompeten.
Organisasi bergerak untuk menghasilkan sesuatu, bisa berupa
benda atau pun jasa tertentu. Benda yang kita lihat tadi merupakan hasil dari
suatu proses menggerakkan sumber daya organisasi berupa bahan baku dan
orang-orang di dalamnya. Robbins dalam Perilaku Organisasi mendefinisikan
organisasi sebagai “suatu unit sosial yang dikoordinasikan dengan sadar, yang
terdiri dari dua orang atau lebih, yang berfungsi atas dasar yang relatif
terus-menerus untuk mencapai suatu tujuan atau serangkaian tujuan bersama.”
Definisi
ini menjelaskan bahwa segala kegiatan yang dikoordinasikan oleh minimal dua
orang sudah masuk dalam kategorinya. Di dalamnya terdapat tujuan yang ingin
dicapai, bisa berupa suatu statemen atau pun hasil, semisal kain tadi.
Sedangkan
manajeman adalah Segala yang terjadi dalam proses mencapai tujuan tadi
memerlukan pengelolaan. Disinilah manajemen masuk dalam organisasi.
Dalam kalimat yang sederhana, manajemen berarti juga proses mengatur segala hal
dalam organisasi. Manajemen, menurut Robbins, memiliki beberapa fungsi yang
harus dilakukannya dalam mengelola organisasi:
1.
perencanaan
2.
pengorganisasian
3.
kepemimpinan
4.
pengendalian
5.
Apa kaitannya antara ilmu manajemen dengan gaya kepemimpinan di manajemen
dengan struktur yang ada diorganisasi tersebut?
Jawaban :
Perlulah disadari bahwa sesungguhnya kepemimpinan dan manajemen serta
administrasi memiliki hubungan yang integral. Sebagai Ilmu,
Kepemimpinan adalah ilmu induk yang di dalamnya terkait Ilmu Manajemen dan Ilmu
Administrasi. Sebagai seni, Kepemimpinan mewadahi Manajemen dan
Administrasi, dimana Manajemen adalah “fungsi umum kepemimpinan” yang
menjelaskan bahwa tatkala kepemimpinan dijalankan, maka pemimpin memasuki
kawasan manajemeni dan memanejemeni. Pada saat yang sama, tatkala Manejer memanejemeni,
ia memasuki kawasan administrasi, yang merupakan “fungsi khusus kepemimpinan”
yang menyentuh pekerjaan operasional di lapangan. Dalam kaitan ini dapat
dikatakan bahwa pemimpin melaksanakan upaya memimpin (leading attempt) maka ia
memanejemeni atau menerapkan manajemen dalam kinerja. Cara pemimpin memimpin
yang benar ia dapat mewujudkan upaya memimpin yang berkualitas serta dapat
memimpin dengan benar, baik, sehat dan produktif. Dari sinilah kita dapat
gambaran bahwa untuk membangun organisasi yang kuat harus didasari dengan
manajemen yang kuat.
6.
Bagaimana pandangan anda mengenai reward dan punishment dalam kaitannya dengan
disiplin kerja?
Jawaban :
Sebagai langkah nyata dalam hasil pembinaan maka
diadakan pemberian penghargaan pegawai yang telah menunjukkan prestasi kerja
yang baik. Adapun pengertian dari penghargaan dalam perusahaan kerap dalam
bentuk pemberian berupa piagam dan sejumlah uang dari perusahaan pegawai yang
mempunyai prestasi. Ada juga perusahaan yang memberikan penghargaan kepada
pegawai karena masa kerja dan pengabdiannya dapat dijadikan teladan bagi
pegawai lainnya. Pemberian penghargaan karena masa kerja pegawai bertujuan
untuk memotivasi gairah dan loyalitas perusahaan. Sedangkan Dampak dari
penggunaan hukuman adalah perasaan tidak nyaman pada karyawan karena harus
menanggung hukuman yang diberikan perusahaan jika ia melanggar batasan yang
ditetapkan. Tidak mengherankan jika banyak karyawan memiliki persepsi bahwa
disiplin itu adalah identik dengan penderitaan. Persepsi tersebut bukan hanya
terjadi pada karyawan tetapi juga seringkali dialami oleh pemimpin mereka.
Akibatnya tidak sedikit pemimpinmamberi toleransi kepada karyawan yang tidak
disiplin. Tentu saja hal ini merupakan suatu kekeliruan besar, karena dalam
kinerja berikutnya maka individu tersebut akan mengalami berbagai masalah dan
kebingungan karena tidak mengenal aturan bagi dirinya sendiri.
Penghargaan
dan Hukuman sangat lah berarti(bermanfaat) bagi kehidupan bersosial terutama
dalam sebuah kominitas contohnya , perusahaan, kelurga, masyarakat dan
lain-lain.
Penghargaan
membuat seseorang bersemangat dan bangga atas hasil usaha yg telash dilakukan,
sedangkan HUKUMAN, membantu mendisiplinkan seseorang agar dia tidak bermalas-
malasan atas tugasnya..
7. Apa yang salah dengan manajemen bangsa ini?
Jawaban :
Kegagalan utama pemerintahan saat ini karena kelemahan manajemennya, bukan pada
apa yang dikerjakan pemerintah, melainkan bagaimana caranya pemerintah
mengerjakannya..”. Dan pendapat Moch Husni Tamrin (1894-1941) bahwa, “Setiap
pemerintahan harus mendekati kemauan rakyat..Inilah sepatutnya dan harus
menjadi dasar untuk memerintah..Pemerintah yang tidak memperdulikan atau
menghargakan kemauan rakyat sudah tentu tidak bisa mengambil aturan yang sesuai
dengan perasaan rakyat..”.
Pemilihan elite politik sipil yang
‘salah’ seringkali memperburuk manajemen pertahanan. Mengapa? Karena orang yang
'salah' ini seringkali bukanlah pejabat yang profesional, namun dipilih
berdasarkan kebutuhan politik di mana loyalitasnya sering kali hanya ditujukan
kepada sponsor dan bukan pada negara atau institusi yang dipimpinnya. Padahal
jika elit sipil disepakati untuk diarahkan menjadi kontributor yang efektif
dalam manajemen pertahanan, maka harus dipilih secara tepat dan terintegrasi ke
dalam sistem pertahanan yang ada, agar peta biru formulasi rancangan pertahanan
serta objektivitas dalam pengorganisasianya menjadi jelas dan terarah.
Manajeman yang efektif diperlukan karena sesungguhnya sektor pertahanan
berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam tujuan politik lainnya, seperti mengurangi
pengangguran dan meningkatkan pendidikan. Belanja kebutuhan pertahanan pada
masa damai tidak jarang selalu diperdebatkan. Padahal era hari ini adalah era
unpredictable! Kondisi ini juga berlaku di bidang politik, tidak saja ekonomi.
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